Fig. 1

The spatiotemporal profile underling retinal neurite, synaptic alteration, and visual dysfunction following retinal ischemia/reperfusion (RI/R). A Diagram of RI/R model. B Immunofluorescence images showed the morphological alteration of RGCs axons following RI/R. B a Schematic diagram on the selection of views for retinal whole mounts. C, D Bar graphs depicted the number of fascicles per view and the number of pNF + RGC axons per fascicle in each group(n = 6). E Visual dysfunction following RI/R were measured by f-VEP test. F, G Bar graphs depicted the amplitude of N2-P2 and the latency of P2 in each group (n = 10). H Immunofluorescence images showed the neuronal loss in GCL of rat retinae following RI/R. I Bar graphs depicted the number of neurons in GCL of rat retinae in each group (n = 6). J Western blotting showed the changes in expression of synaptophysin (SYN), synapsin 1 and homer 1b/1c in rat retinae following RI/R. K–M Bar graphs depicted the fold of optical density value (ODV) of SYN, synapsin 1 and homer 1b/1c in each group(n = 6–7). N Double-immunofluorescence images showed spatial location and origin of the increased SYN following RI/R. O Synaptic micromorphology was determined by transmission electron microscopy. Green circles: synaptic vesicles, Orange circles: docked vesicles, Yellow strips: active zone. ONH: optical nerve head; GCL: ganglion cell layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; OPL: outer plexiform layer; ONL: outer nuclear layer. Data in (C, D, F–G, I, K–M) were represented as mean ± SD; *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, n.s.: no significance, (compared with the control group using one-way analysis of variance). Bar = 50 μm/500 μm in (B), Bar = 50 μm in (H and N), Bar = 1 μm in (O)