Fig. 2
From: DNA methylation in diabetic retinopathy: pathogenetic role and potential therapeutic targets
Mechanisms for oxidative stress leading to dysfunctional mitochondria in the retina. Increased ROS levels compromise nucleotides, proteins and lipids and alter gene expression, enzyme activity and membrane function. Together, these changes lead to a deleterious cycle of ROS and mismatched mtDNA. Ultimately, DR development is promoted. ROS, reactive oxygen species; Dnmts, DNA methyltransferases; Tets, ten-eleven translocation dioxygenases; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; DR, diabetic retinopathy