Fig. 3

Molecular pathways regulating the transmission of glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, and nicotine in Glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, and nicotinic cholinergic system involved in Turner syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases. a Transmission pathways of glutamate, acetylcholine, and nicotine in Glutamatergic synapse and nicotinic cholinergic system associated with intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, motor dysfunction, and antagonistic effect of nicotine addiction. DEGs in blue squares were down-regulated in 45,XO-hPGCLCs during specification from 45,XO-hiPSCs in comparison with those of both 46,XX, and 46,XY. DEGs in red cycles were down-regulated in 45,XO-hPGCLCs compared to both 46,XX-hPGCLCs and 46,XY-hPGCLCs. b Transmission pathways of GABA in GABAergic synapses associated with the disruption of neuronal circuitry, impaired cognition, motor disturbance and non-motor symptoms. DEGs in blue squares were down-regulated in 45,XO-hPGCLCs during specification from 45,XO-hiPSCs in comparison with those of both 46,XX, and 46,XY. c Heat map of down-regulated DEGs from (a and b) in 45,XO-hiPSCs (n = 3) and 45,XO-hPGCLCs (n = 2). d Spot plots showing expression of representative DEGs in glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, and nicotinic cholinergic system in 45,XO-hiPSCs (n = 3) and 45,XO-hPGCLCs (n = 2). Expression levels of LYNX1 and LY6E were detected in 45,XO-hPGCLCs (n = 2) and 46,XX-hPGCLCs (n = 2). Y-axis indicates expression levels (Log₂ (FPKM + 1)). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01