Fig. 3

Vacuolin-1 enhances RA-induced markers of late steps of the differentiation into mature cells: inducible oxidative metabolism and G1/0 cell cycle arrest. A HL-60 cells were cultured for 72 h with 1 µM RA and 0.25 µM Vacuolin-1 as indicated, where Control is untreated, and the inducible ROS was analyzed using flow cytometry. DMSO is the carrier control for TPA stimulation. B The cell density of HL-60 cell cultures that were untreated controls or treated with 1 µM RA or RA plus different (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 µM) concentrations of Vacuolin-1 as indicated was measured at 24 h, 48 and 72 h. C, D HL-60 cells were cultured for 48 h (C) and 72 h (D) with 1 µM RA and 0.25 µM Vacuolin-1 as indicated and the cell cycle phase distributions were analyzed using flow cytometry. Control is untreated