Fig. 5

U-iKOs are rich in mitochondria. A The UMAP shows the integration of 3D U-iKOs, M-iPSC, T-iPSC, C-iKOs, and human fetal kidney, with cell types on the right. M-iKOs, iPSC-induced organoids with protocol by Morizane; T-iKOs, iPSC-induced organoids with protocol by Takasato; C-iKOs, iPSC-induced organoids from Combes’s study; Fetal_kidney, human fetal week16 kidney from Lindström’s study. B Comparison of the proportions of cell types in 3D U-iKOs, M-iKOs, T-iKOs, C-iKOs and human fetal kidney. C GO analysis of differentially expressed genes in 3D U-iKOs. D Dotplot shows differentially expressed genes of 3D U-iKOs related to nephron function (top panel), membrane transporters (middle panel), and mitochondia metabolism (bottom panel) compared with with other data. E Gene expression analysis for differentially expressed genes in U-iKOs in D of the mature tubule (CUBN, LRP2, and SLC12A1), AGT (angiotensinogen), and mitochondria metabolism (ATP1A2, ATP5G1, MUC1, and MRPL48). The relative expression of each transcript to GAPDH expression is presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 5). *P < 0.05 vs. the U-iIMPLCs; **P < 0.01 vs. the U-iIMPLCs; ***P < 0.001 vs. the U-iIMPLCs; ****P < 0.0001 vs. the U-iIMPLCs. (F) TEM of hUCs (upper panel) and 3D U-iKOs (botttom panel). Abundant mitochondria indicated with red asterisks. Scale bars, 1 μm