Table 2 Comparison of cell lines, PDXs, and organoid

Advantages

1. Facilitate genetic manipulation

2. High-throughput drug screening

3. Easy cultivate, high success rate

4. Cheap and time saving

1. Retains the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity

2. Simulate the local TME and cancer-host interaction

3. Easy to observe drug response

1. Retains the genetic characteristics and phenotypic

2. Simulate partial TME

3. High-throughput drug screening

4. Facilitate gene manipulation and functional studies

Limitations

1. Lack of genetic heterogeneity

2. Unable to reflect the phenotype

3. Unable to simulate the TME

4. Long-term culture is prone to genetic drift

1. Difficulty in high-throughput screening

2. Difficulty in gene editing and functional studies

3. Different genetic backgrounds

4. Time- consuming, low success rate and expensive

1. Lack of blood vessels and a complete immune system

2. The components in the culture medium may have potential effects on cancer drug response

3. Low success rate of long-term cultivation