Fig.3

Diverse applications of urological cancer organoids a Tumour tissues or cell lines are used to generate patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and whole-genome sequencing is used to demonstrate that PDOs have the same genetic characteristics as primary tumours. Therefore, PDOs can be used to study cancer mechanisms and personalize medicine for precision treatment. b Urological cancer organoids can be used to study drug resistance and sensitivity to guide clinical treatment. c Single-cell sequencing technology studies the development and differentiation of cells by analysing the genetic material of each cell. Organoid technology is continuously improved by using single-cell sequencing to understand how similar organoids are to real organs. d The PDOs provide insight into the nephrotoxicity mechanism of drugs (such as cisplatin). e A large number of organoids were collected to build a rich biobank for drug screening and translational medicine