Fig.2

The development of organoids from different sources a Organoids from cell lines. Dissociated cancer cells can proliferate and survive long-term in Matrigel and culture medium. Organoids derived from prostate cancer cell lines can stably express common recurrent genetic lesions of prostate cancer. b Primary or metastatic tumour specimens obtained by operation or biopsy are cut into small fragments, dissociated into separated cells and then cultured into organoids. c Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-derived kidney organoids include distal and proximal tubules, early loops of Henle, glomeruli and collecting ducts. d Kidney organoids derived from human USCs have been established using a 10% kidney-specific extracellular matrix. These organoids express kidney products, such as AQP1 and EPO, and have partial kidney structure and function