Fig. 2

A predictive model based on metabolic signatures of death and MACE risks. ROC curves of death (A) and MACE (B) risks in the discovery cohort. Kaplan–Meier curves of the optimized predictive model (metabolomic + clinical) predicting death (C) and MACE (D) in the multicenter validation cohort between the low (< Q1), middle (≥ Ql and ≤ Q3), and high (> Q3) quartiles of hazard estimates. The optimal cutoff of the risk score was determined by calculating the highest Youden’s J value. ROC curve receiver–operating characteristic curve, AUC areas under the curve, SPE specificity, and SEN sensitivity