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Fig. 4 | Cell & Bioscience

Fig. 4

From: Mechanism of reduced muscle atrophy via ketone body (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate

Fig. 4

3HB influences protein metabolism by regulating Akt/FoxO3a and mTOR/4E-BP1 pathways. Protein expression via the protein homeostasis signaling pathway revealed by western blot of the soleus muscles of mice in groups of Control (ground control group), HU (Hindlimb unloading mouse group), and HU + 3HB (hindlimb unloading mice fed with 50 mg/kg/days 3HB group). The legend box on the top right corner represents different groups. Control (gray), HU (black) and HU + 3HB (blue). a Schematic presentation of 3HB regulation in muscle protein catabolism. Western blot analysis of b phosphorylation levels of Akt (S473) and pan-AKT; c FoxO3a and GAPDH; d phosphorylation levels of mTOR (S2448) and mTOR; and e phosphorylation levels of 4E-BP1 (T37/46) and 4E-BP1. The accompanying statistical plots for p-Akt (S473)/pan-AKT; FoxO3a/GAPDH; p-mTOR(S2448)/mTOR; and p-4E-BP1(T37/46)/4E-BP1 are presented on the side (see also Additional file 1: Fig. S4). Immunoblots are representative of the mean value obtained from intensity scans. Error bars are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). For b, e, an unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test was used. For c, one-way ANOVA was used for comparison between groups. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, compared with HU mouse group

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