Table 1 Summary of Treg-derived EVs researches focusing on autoimmune diseases and transplantation models

Kidney allograft

BN (RT1ⁿ) rat to Lewis (RT11) rat

MLN-derived Tregs

NS

↓ T cell proliferation

Lagging acute allograft rejection

[27]

Colitis and systemic Inflammation

Rag2^Neg/Neg mice

LO-derived Tregs

CD63, CD9, CD81 premature and mature miRNAs (including miR-466 family, miR-195, miR-16, Let-7d), T (h1) suppressive mRNA transcripts

↓ Th1 cell proliferation and IFNγ secretion

Suppression and prevention of systemic disease

[28]

Kidney allograft

BN (RT1n) rat to Lewis (RT11) rat

DnIKK2-Tregs

CD63, TSG101, iNOS, specific miRNAs (including miR-503, miR-330, miR-293, miR-297c, miR-207, miR-9 & miR-484)

↓ T cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, naive to Treg cell conversion

Protracting kidney allograft survival

[109]

Relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis

Human blood

PBMC-derived Tregs

CD63

Attenuated inhibition of conventional T cell proliferation and apoptosis

NS

[110]

Skin xenograft

Human to (Rag)2^Neg/Negγc^Neg/Neg (BRG) BALB/c mice

Human PBMC-derived Tregs

CD63, CD81, CD25, CD39, CCR4, CD4, CTLA-4, HSP90AB1, actin and tubulin, several miRNAs (including miR-142-3p & miR-150-5p)

↓ T cell proliferation, ↓ IFNγ, IL-2 and IL-6 secretion, ↑ IL-10 & IL-4 levels

Protracting skin xenograft survival

[79]