From: 3D and organoid culture in research: physiology, hereditary genetic diseases and cancer
Type of organoid | Cell source | Achievements | Protocol to establish them |
---|---|---|---|
Intestine | ASC (intestinal crypt Lgr5+ stem cells) | • Faithfully recapitulates the tissue • Long term growth • Growth of mouse adenomas, human colorectal cancer cells, and human metaplastic epithelia | |
iPSC | • The presence of mesenchymal cells leads to less niche factor requirements • Cost-effective | [85] | |
ESC | • The epithelium contains functional enterocytes, as well as goblet, Paneth and enteroendocrine cells | [45] | |
Stomach | ASC (gastric epithelium Lgr5+ stem cells/TROY+ chief cells) | • Long-term growth • Robust numbers of surface pit, mucous neck, chief, endocrine and parietal cells | [87] |
PSC | • Primitive gastric gland- and pit-like domains, proliferative zones containing LGR5-expressing cells, surface and antral mucous cells, and diversity of gastric endocrine cells | [88] | |
Liver | ASC (Lgr5+ stem cells/ mature hepatocytes) | • Long-term growth • Cells can be converted into functional hepatocytes in vitro and upon transplantation into mice • Recapitulates the proliferative damage-response of hepatocytes | |
iPSC | • Cells in organoids differentiate into functional hepatocytes and cholangiocytes • The organoids organize a functional bile canaliculi system, which is disrupted by cholestasis-inducing drugs | [52] | |
ESC | • Scalable culture system with a high level of recapitulation of the liver-specific microenvironment • Efficient hepatic maturation upon ex ovo transplantation | [229] | |
Pancreas | ASC (Lgr5+ stem cells) | • The organoid recapitulates the morphology, the epithelial polarization and the genomic stability of their origin tissue | [96] |
iPSC | • The organoids present an appropriate marker profile and ultrastructural, global gene expression and functional hallmarks of the human pancreas • Upon orthotopic transplantation into immunodeficient mice, these organoids form normal pancreatic ducts and acinar tissue resembling fetal human pancreas | [230] | |
ESC | • Functional alpha, beta, delta, and polypeptide cells, and ability to secrete insulin-secretory granules | ||
Lung | ASC (basal cells, Clara cells and specialized alveolar type II cells (AEC2s)) | • “Tracheospheres” derived from basal cells generate both secretory and ciliated cells • “Alveolospheres” derived from AEC2s cells contain both AEC2 and AEC1 present in the alveoli | [102] |
iPSC | • The organoids possess upper airway-like epithelium with basal cells and immature ciliated cells surrounded by smooth muscle and myofibroblasts as well as an alveolar-like domain with appropriate cell types • The cultures could be maintained for several months | ||
ESC | • They include epithelial and mesenchymal cells and are able to produce surfactant | [43] | |
Brain | iPSC | • The organoids recapitulate progenitor zone organization, neurogenesis, gene expression, and a distinct human-specific outer radial glia cell layer • Co-culture of different parts of the brain can recreate the dorsal–ventral forebrain axis | |
ESC | • Generation of multiple organoids from different parts of the brain (midbrain, forebrain) • Electrically active and functionally mature neurons with dopamine production • In-vitro functional vasculature-like networks to increase the maturation of the organoid | ||
Retina | iPSC | • Retinal cups contain all major retinal cell types arranged in their proper layers • Their photoreceptors achieve advanced maturation, showing the beginning of outer-segment disc formation and photosensitivity | [115] |
ESC | • Fully stratified retinal tissue consisting of all major neural retinal components |