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Fig. 3 | Cell & Bioscience

Fig. 3

From: DNA in extracellular vesicles: from evolution to its current application in health and disease

Fig. 3

Extracellular vesicles and their DNA are promising tools for liquid biopsy. 1 Analysis of circulating tumor cells and nucleic acids (ctDNA and ctRNA) is being installed in clinical settings for cancer diagnosis as it has recently been discussed by Ignatiadis et al. (2021), who discussed the notion of “ctDNA relapse” [106]. Circulating tumor cells split away from the primary tumor and constitute the seed of metastases, limiting their use for cancer prognosis and relapse [63]. 2 Single-cell sequencing (along with omics analyses) is the method to study tumor heterogeneity. This depends mainly on the number of analyzed cells determined by the quality of tissue biopsy. 3, 4 stable and well-protected DNA, RNA, and proteins can be repeatedly enriched from EVs found in almost all body fluids. Analysis of EVs cargo can provide a dynamic genome and metabolome landscape for a real-time assessment of disease evolution and relapse: “EVs relapse.”

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