Fig. 5

Fatty acids suppresses viral replication via induction of TCA cycle. Cells were infected by MHV (MOI 0.05) for 24 h. Metabolites and chemicals were treated after serum free medium is changed to FBS containing medium. A, D, F, I RNA expression of MHV in cells treated with fatty acid (palmitic acid 330 µM and oleic acid 660 µM for fatty acid 1 mM), fatty acid oxidation inhibitor (etomoxir), glutamine, and glutaminase inhibitor (BPTES) in replete medium (glucose 450 mg/dl, pyruvate 0.5 mM). Rplp0 was used for an internal control. B, G Western blot analysis and quantification of SPIKE in cells treated with fatty acid and glutamine in replete medium (glucose 450 mg/dl, pyruvate 0.5 mM). β-actin was used for an internal control. C, H Viability of cells incubated for 24 h with medium collected from MHV-infected cells which were treated as indicated. E, J Illustration of metabolic intervention induced by fatty acid and glutamine. Values represent means ± SD. *p < 0.05 vs. vehicle. #p < 0.05 vs. FA. One-way ANOVA followed by a tukey’s multiple comparison test. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times