Fig. 2

NETs promote tumor growth and progression via many molecular pathways. HMGB1, released by NETs, can promote tumor growth by binding with TLR9 or RAGE to activate STAT3, p38, MAP and NF-κB. NE directly alters metabolism and upregulates mitochondrial biogenesis in colon cancer cells via the TLR4-PGC1-α pathway and thus promotes tumor growth. NETs awaken cancer cells and cleave laminin via NE and MMP-9 through the activity of integrin α3β1 and FAK/ERK/MLCK/YAP signaling. NET DNA drives pancreatic tumor growth by activating pancreatic stellate cells through interaction with RAGE. In our ongoing study, we have illustrated that NETs can promote tumor growth by BRF1 in GC cells