Fig. 2

Neuroprotective effects of NPY. a NPY reduces calcium excess via activating potassium channels, inhibiting calcium channels, and inhibiting glutamate receptors, thereby avoiding mitochondrial dysfunction due to calcium excess, generating excessive ROS and ultimately causing neuronal death. b NPY induces autophagosome formation through the MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway and stimulates lysosomes and phagocytic vesicles in cells to fuse into autolysosomes and remove harmful substances from the body