Incident disease associations with mosaic chromosomal alterations on autosomes, X and Y chromosomes: insights from a phenome-wide association study in the UK Biobank

Table 2 Comparison of effect estimates between observational associations and Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates from inverse variance weighted (IVW) method.

	Observation		MR IVW
Trait	Odds ratio [95% confidence interval]	P-value	Odds ratio [95% confidence interval]	P-value
Retinal diseases	0.67 [0.58–0.77]	6.06 × 10^–8	0.77 [0.68–0.87]	4.49 × 10^–5
Hypertension	0.92 [0.89–0.96]	5.11 × 10^–10	0.99 [0.97–1.02]	0.175

Observational associations adjust for age, age², and 25-level smoking. MR estimates use selected variants previously identified to be associated with mLOY susceptibility (Thompson et al. [46])

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