Fig. 5
From: Exosomal delivery of therapeutic modulators through the blood–brain barrier; promise and pitfalls
(Adapted with permission [72]. Copyright 2019, ACS Nano)
Exosomes conjugated with Br-EVs cross BBB via transcytosis. Changes in immunofluorescence intensity signal under the effects of temperature (a) transcytosis inhibition (b) and VEGF (c) in the abluminal side of the Transwell model of BBB. d Average fold change in luminescence intensity of abluminal chamber. e The effect of time changes on the fluorescence intensity of crossed Br-EVs to the abluminal side of the BBB-on-a-chip model. f Permeability changes of BBB model to 10–70 kDa dextran under the effects of Br- conjugated EVs. g Fluorescent imaging of endothelial cells with ZO-1flourescence staining and astrocytes that taking up TdTom-Br-EVs in the BBB-on-a-chip model h. Fluorescent imaging of zebrafish brain representing crossed exosomes in the brain parenchyma and the interaction of endocytic vesicles with the abluminal plasma membrane of the brain vascular endothelial cells (white arrows). i, j Distribution of 10 and 70 KDa of dextran in the zebrafish vasculature system under the effects of Br-EVs in comparison with control (PBS) groups