Table 3 Global profiling of non-histone crotonylation based on LC–MS/MS analysis

H. sapiens

 IgAN patients

PBMCs were obtained and compared with normal controls

353

770

Alanine (A), aspartic acid (D), and lysine (K) residues at the − 1 to + 1 positions

Organelles, extracellular regions and membranes (69%)

Upregulated proteins involved: focal adhesion, cell-substrate junction, cell-substrate adherens junction, biological process of regulation of body fluid levels, and calcium ion binding.Downregulated proteins involved: cellular component of blood microparticle, biological process of humoral immune response, and ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding

N/A

2020

[68]

 HeLa cells

CDYL KO

3734

14,311

Negatively charged glutamic acid (E) at − 1 and + 1 positions

Mitochondria (18%), cytoplasm and nucleus (roughly equal)

Translation initiation, RNA splicing, and amino acid metabolism

RPA1, APEX1, and HP1

2020

[52]

 HCT116 cells

P300 KO

392

816

Glutamic acid (E) at − 4, − 1, + 1, and + 4 positions, valine(V) at + 2 position

Nucleus (69%), cytosol (89%), and mitochondria (19%)

Co-translational protein targeting to membrane, nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, and translational initiation

LMNB2

2018

[61]

 PBMCs of patients with hemodialysis maintenance

PBMCs were obtained and compared with normal controls

347

1109

Aspartic acid (D) and glutamine (E) at − 1 to + 4 position; lysine (K) at − 10 to − 5 and + 10 to + 5 positions

Upregulated crotonylated proteins: cytoplasm (46%), nucleus (14%), mitochondria (12%), and extracellular region (11%). Downregulated proteins: cytoplasm (57%), extracellular region (11%), mitochondria (9%), and nucleus (8%)

Upregulated proteins enriched in cellular metabolic process and cellular response to outside and downregulated proteins localized in cellular functions such as migration and development

N/A

2018

[56]

 H1299 cells

Without any treatment

1024

2696

Glutamate (E) residues at the − 1 and + 1 positions

Cytoplasm (40%), nucleus (27%), and mitochondria (13%)

18% of crotonylated proteins are involved in the cell process, 14% are involved in metabolism, 13% are single biological proteins, and 11% are biomodulatory proteins

NPM1, FHL1, ACTN1, Integrin β1, Vinculin, ERK2, CDK1, GAPDH, and OTUB1

2017

[17]

 HeLa cells

Treated with NaCr

453

558

Alanine (A) residues at + 3 or − 6 positions

Nuclear proteins (62.3%), nucleoplasmic localization proteins (9.4%), other cellular components including plasma membrane, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, and unclassified proteins (28.3%)

RNA processing, nucleic acid metabolism, chromosome organization, gene expression, DNA conformational change and packaging, chromatin organization and cell cycle

CBX3, CBX5、MTA2, Cul4B, and HDAC1

2017

[49]

Without any treatment

70

N/A

N/A

N/A

Various molecular functions and biological processes closely related to DNA and RNA metabolism and cell cycle

HDAC1

2017

[49]

 A549 cells

Treated with SAHA

2021

8475

N/A

Cytoplasm (35.7%), nucleus (27.4%) and mitochondria (13.5%)

Gene expression, transcription, protein folding, and a variety of metabolic processes

N/A

2017

[21]

Others

 T. gondii

RH strain

3735

1,061

Isoleucine (I) and lysine (K) occurred upstream; leucine (L), lysine (K) and phenylalanine (F) occurred downstream

Concentrated in and around the nucleus

Related to protein translation, compound metabolism, and biosynthesis

N/A

2019

[71]

ME49 strain

3396

984

 The tea plants

NH4 + deficiency/resupply

971

2288

Alanine (A), glutamate (E), and lysine (K) residues at surrounding positions

Chloroplast (36.8%), cytoplasm (33.0%), and nucleus (13.7%)

Photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and amino acid metabolism

N/A

2019

[60]

 Oryza sativa L. japonica

Without any treatment

690

1265

Aspartic acid (D), glutamine (E), isoleucine (I), lysine (K), leucine (L), arginine (R), and valine (V) at surrounding positions

Chloroplast (51%), cytoskeleton (1%), endoplasmic reticulum (1%), and extracellularly located (2%)

Photosynthesis

N/A

2018

[70]

 Carica papaya L.

Without any treatment

2120

5995

Alanine (A), aspartic acid (D), and glutamine (E) at − 5 to − 1 and + 1 to + 5 positions, while lysine(K) and arginine (R) at − 10 to − 5 and + 5 to + 10 positions

Chloroplast (713 peptides), cytosol (691 peptides), nucleus (290 peptides), and mitochondria (138 peptides)

Biosynthesis of antibiotics, carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, and glycolysis

N/A

2018

[69]

 Zebrafish embryos

Without any treatment

218

557

Hydrophobic (L, I, V) and acidic (D and E) amino acids at surrounding positions

Cytosol (58%), mitochondria (11%), extracellular matrix (8%), and plasma membrane (6%)

Translation, metabolic process, and diverse regulation of skeletal muscle contraction

N/A

2018

[18]

 PAT

Degradation in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa

629

1691

Negatively charged residues from − 10 to + 10

Mitochondria (39%), cytosol (32%), and nucleus (14%)

Metabolic process, cellular process, and single-organism process with upregulated or downregulated proteins

N/A

2018

[54]

 Nicotiana tabacum

Without any treatment

637

2044

Aspartic acid (D) and glutamine (E), at surrounding positions

Chloroplast (37%), cytosol (30%), nucleus (12%), and mitochondria (5%)

Carbon metabolism, the citrate cycle, glycolysis, and photosynthesis the biosynthesis of amino acids

N/A

2017

[25]