Mode | Cell type | Intensity | Frequency | Duration | Effects on BMSCs | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fluid shear stress | Murine MSCs | 1/2/5 (Pa) | 0.5/1/2 (Hz) | 14 (days) | A regime of 2Â Pa, 2Â Hz, induces the most robust and reliable upregulation in osteogenic gene expression | [71] |
hBMSCs | 0.2/> 2 (Pa) | – | 3/6/12/24 (h) | Lower shear stress (0.2 Pa) induced hMSC migration through MAPK pathways, whereas greater shear stress (> 2 Pa) hindered cell migration | [72] | |
hMSCs | 0.1/0.7/2.1/4.2 (Pa) | 2.8 (Hz) | 30 (min) | Upregulation of bioactive compounds under different magnitudes of fluid shear stress | [73] | |
Mechanical stretch/tension loading | Mouse BMSCs | 3%/8%/13%/18% elongation | 0.5 (Hz) | 8 (h) | Most significant upregulation of osteogenic markers were observed in BMSCs under 8% strain | [74] |
Rat BMSCs | 10% amplitude | 1 (Hz) | 7/14/21 (days) | Chondrogenic markers were most significantly upregulated at the 21st day | [75] | |
Mouse BMSCs | 10% elongation | 0.5 (Hz) | 96 (h) | Osteogenic markers together with Wnt proteins were upregulated | [76] | |
Compress stress | Rabbit BMSCs | 0/90/120/150 (kPa) | – | 1 or 6 h/day for 2, 4, or 6 days | Chondrogenic markers were most significantly upregulated under 120 kPa with 1 h/day, which were peak at the 4th day | [77] |
Rat BMSCs | 90/120/150/180 (kPa) | – | 1 (h) | ANTXR1 together with chondrogenic markers were most signifcantly increased under 120 kPa | [78] | |
Rat BMSCs | 90 (kPa) | – | 1 (h) | Hydrostatic pressure promoted cell cycle initiation and stress fibre assembly | [79] |