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Table 1 Effects of different modes of mechanical loading on BMSC activities

From: The effects of locomotion on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell fate: insight into mechanical regulation and bone formation

Mode

Cell type

Intensity

Frequency

Duration

Effects on BMSCs

References

Fluid shear stress

Murine MSCs

1/2/5 (Pa)

0.5/1/2 (Hz)

14 (days)

A regime of 2 Pa, 2 Hz, induces the most robust and reliable upregulation in osteogenic gene expression

[71]

hBMSCs

0.2/> 2 (Pa)

–

3/6/12/24 (h)

Lower shear stress (0.2 Pa) induced hMSC migration through MAPK pathways, whereas greater shear stress (> 2 Pa) hindered cell migration

[72]

hMSCs

0.1/0.7/2.1/4.2 (Pa)

2.8 (Hz)

30 (min)

Upregulation of bioactive compounds under different magnitudes of fluid shear stress

[73]

Mechanical stretch/tension loading

Mouse BMSCs

3%/8%/13%/18% elongation

0.5 (Hz)

8 (h)

Most significant upregulation of osteogenic markers were observed in BMSCs under 8% strain

[74]

Rat BMSCs

10% amplitude

1 (Hz)

7/14/21 (days)

Chondrogenic markers were most significantly upregulated at the 21st day

[75]

Mouse BMSCs

10% elongation

0.5 (Hz)

96 (h)

Osteogenic markers together with Wnt proteins were upregulated

[76]

Compress stress

Rabbit BMSCs

0/90/120/150 (kPa)

–

1 or 6 h/day for 2, 4, or 6 days

Chondrogenic markers were most significantly upregulated under 120 kPa with 1 h/day, which were peak at the 4th day

[77]

Rat BMSCs

90/120/150/180 (kPa)

–

1 (h)

ANTXR1 together with chondrogenic markers were most signifcantly increased under 120 kPa

[78]

Rat BMSCs

90 (kPa)

–

1 (h)

Hydrostatic pressure promoted cell cycle initiation and stress fibre assembly

[79]