Fig. 2

Signalling network of BMSCs under mechanical loading, especially the fluid shear stress (FSS). Mechanical cues could activate several signalling pathways including Wnt, BMP and IGF signalling. Both canonical (red arrowheads) and non-canonical Wnt (black arrowheads) pathways are activated under mechanical loading. In canonical Wnt signalling, DVL inhibits the phosphorylation of β-catenin induced by GSK-3β, which is also downstream to IGF proteins. On the other hand, binding of Wnt ligands to Frizzled and Ror2 co-receptor initiates non-canonical Wnt signalling. It subsequently activates RhoA/Rock signalling which interacts with BMP/Smad signalling through the regulation of YAP/TAZ pathway. Translocation of β-catenin and YAP/TAZ facilitates osteogenic differentiation and migration of BMSCs, respectively