Fig. 1

pten null mutation significantly reduced electrotaxis at lower voltages, which was recovered by re-expression of pten. a-c Images selected from time-lapseVideos showing the migrating cells. Red lines and blue arrows are cell trajectories and endpoints over 15 min. d-f Composite trajectories of migrating cells with the starting points placed at the origin. b and e pten⁻ cells showed significantly reduced electrotaxis. c and f The re-expression of wild type pten on pten⁻ (PTEN/pten⁻, or pten rescue) completely reversed the electrotaxis defects in the pten⁻ cells. g, h voltage dependence migration directedness and trajectory speed. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01, compared with no EF control; #, P < 0.05; ##, P < 0.01 compared between WT/pten rescue groups and pten⁻ group, one-way ANOVA. A minimal 150 cells were analyzed from each experimental group. A minimal 3 repeats were conducted for all conditions investigated. EF = 10 V/cm in a–f, with cathode to the right