Fig. 1

LPS induces astrocyte activation and HECTD1 upregulation in primary mouse astrocytes. a Treatment of astrocytes with different concentration of LPS (10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml) for 12 h significantly increased astrocyte activation as determined by GFAP expression. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. the 0 ng/ml group. b, c Treatment of primary mouse astrocytes with 100 ng/ml LPS significantly increased the expression of GFAP (b) and HECTD1 (c) in a time-dependent manner. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. the 0 h group. d Transfection with HECTD1 NIC downregulated HECTD1 expression and HECTD1 ACT upregulated HECTD1 expression in primary mouse astrocytes. Cells were transfected with HECTD1 NIC or ACT for 24 h followed by measurement of HECTD1 expression. Representative immunoblots and the densitometric analysis from three separate experiments are presented. **p < 0.01 vs. the control group. e, f MTT assay showed the effect of HECTD1 NIC and ACT transfection with/without 100 ng/ml LPS treatment on the viability of primary mouse astrocytes. All the data are presented as mean ± SEM of three individual experiments