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Fig. 1 | Cell & Bioscience

Fig. 1

From: Mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells in spinal cord injury repair through macrophage polarization

Fig. 1

Regulatory mechanism of macrophage polarization. Macrophage polarization is a tightly controlled process involving a set of signaling pathways, including the PI3K–Akt, Notch, JAK–STAT, TGF-β, and TLR4–NF-κB signaling pathways. AKT, protein kinase B; JAK: Janus kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TLR, Toll-like receptor

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