Fig. 2

Cell clusters and gene expression of malignant epithelial cells in male- and female patients. a The gene copy-number variation of epithelial cells in male and female patients with PTC and in the nodular goiter group was analyzed using the infer CNV algorithm. b Two-dimensional tSNE visualization showed the malignant and non-malignant epithelial cells in the three groups. The subjects with either malignant or non-malignant cells are displayed using different colors. c The distribution of epithelial cells in the three groups was marked in the total epithelial cells in the tSNE visualization (Right) (“HC” is the abbreviation of “Heterogeneous clusters”). The heterogeneous distribution of malignant epithelial cells in male and female patients with PTC was analyzed via UMAP (Left). d PCA of malignant epithelial cells in male and female patients with PTC. e The molecular networks of the top 100 candidate genes in male and female malignant cells were analyzed. Genes belonging to the corresponding signaling pathways are displayed in different colors (Red represents high enrichment of signaling pathways, and blue represents low enrichment of signaling pathways). f Molecular network of Top 100 candidate genes male and female malignant cells; genes belonged to the corresponding signaling pathways and were displayed in different colors. g GSEA analysis of representative pathways