Table 2 Characteristics of studies conducted on the application of EVs for periodontal regeneration
Origin/source | Study mode | Active EV cargo molecules | Key function/targeted genes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
MSCs-EVs | In vitro and in vivo (rat periodontal defect model) | – | Improved periodontal ligament function and promoted regeneration/initiation of prosurvival AKT and ERK signaling in PDL cells/enhanced cell viability | [178] |
ADSCs-EVs | In vivo (rat ligature model) | – | Improved periodontal repair and regeneration | [179] |
Mobilized-DPSCs-CM | In vitro | – | Greater proliferation and migratory activity of NIH3T3 cells/higher immunomodulatory effects/decreased apoptosis | [180] |
PDLSCs-CM | In vivo (rat periodontal defect model) | SerpinE1, MCP-1, TIMP-1, uPA, VEGF, IGFBP6, IGFBP2, PDGFR-β, and IFN-ɣ | Enhanced periodontal regeneration by suppressing the inflammatory response via decrease in TNF-α | [93] |
MSCs-CM | In vitro and in vivo (rat periodontal defect model) | IGF-1, VEGF, TGF-β1, HGF | Increased wound-healing and angiogenesis/up-regulation of osteogenetic- and angiogenic-related genes expression/induced periodontal tissue regeneration | [181] |
GMSCs-CM PDLSCs-CM | In vitro and in vivo (rat periodontal defect model) | – | Promoted periodontal defect regeneration/lower expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β/higher IL-10 expression/higher expression levels of BSP-II and Runx2 | [182] |