Table 1 Descriptions of PLCζ and PAWP and its implication in ART

PLCζ

The smallest sperm-specific PLC, consist in four EF hand domains, a C2 domains, and a catalytic X and Y core domain, located in the equatorial segment and PAS-PT region. Sensitive to environmental Ca^+ 2 concentrations

Triggers intracellular Ca²⁺oscillations in oocytes during M phase and is involved in inducing oocyte activation via IP₃. May exert an inhibitory effect on PLC-coupled processes that depend on Ca^+ 2 and PKC, including CFTR trafficking and function

Ca^+ 2 binding, IP₃ binding, PIP₂ binding, phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate binding, phospholipase activity

Deficiencies, abnormal localization, activity/expression, or genetic mutations in PLCζ have been linked ICSI failure or infertile men

Point mutations in the PLCζ gene have been identified a globozoospermic and non-globozoospermic infertile patient resulting in a deficiency of oocytes activation

[2, 10, 17,18,19, 43, 44, 48,49,50]

PAWP

A PAS-PT WW domain-binding protein located in the post-acrosomal sheath of the sperm

May play a role in meiotic resumption and pronuclear formation during fertilization

Chromatin DNA binding, transcription coactivator activity, WW domain binding

In has been associated, via immunohistochemistry, the level of PAWP and sperm quality and fertilizing ability

It has been proposed that when the PPXY region of PAWP is blocked, the oocyte activation failed

[7, 58,59,60]