Table 3 Selected preclinical studies of MSCs-derived secretome for PFDs

Dissaranan et al. 2014 [64]

Rats/VD

Rat BM-MSCs

Periurethral or intravenous

Using CCM not exosomes

LPP test; external urethral sphincter electromyography

LPP, elastin fibers and urethral smooth muscle increased in rats treated with MSCs or CCM

MSCs homed to the urethra and vagina and facilitated recovery of continence most likely via secretion of paracrine factors

Liu et al. 2018 [65]

In vitro experiments, vaginal fibroblasts from women with SUI

Human ADSCs

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/

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The expression of type I collagen, TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 increased, whereas the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 decreased

Exosomes increased type I collagen contents by increasing collagen synthesis and decreasing collagen degradation

Ni et al. 2018 [89]

Rats/PNT and VD

Human ADSCs

Periurethral

Dynamic light scattering; scanning electron microscopy; identification of surface markers; proteomic analysis

Cystometrography; LPP test

Exosomes enhanced the proliferation of muscular and Schwann cell in vitro; the bladder capacity, LPP, striated muscle fibers, and nerve fibers increased both in ADSCs-treated and exosomes-treated rats

Local injection of ADSCs-derived exosomes improved functional and histological recovery after SUI

Wu et al. 2019 [90]

Rats/VD

Human USCs

Local injection around the pubococcygeus muscle

Identification of surface markers; assessments of size distribution and concentration

Maximum bladder volume; abdominal LPP test

Exosomes improved the urodynamic parameters; promoted the pubococcygeus muscle recovery, satellite cells activation, proliferation and differentiation; promoted ERK phosphorylation

USCs-derived exosomes played roles in myogenic satellite cells differentiation into myoblasts and in SUI cell-free treatment