Table 2 Selected preclinical studies of MSCs-based tissue engineering for PFDs
Author/year | Animal/models | MSC sources | Materials | Implantation of the constructs | Tracking of MSCs | Main assessments | Main outcomes | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Darzi et al. 2018 [86] | Mice/abdominal subcutaneous wound | Human eMSCs | Polyamide/gelatin composite mesh | Implanted into two pockets and sutured to the abdominal fascial layer | Transduced with a mCherry lentivirus | Immunofluorescence; ELISA; qPCR | Higher expression of M2 markers and reduced cytokines in eMSC/mesh; immunomodulatory effects were delayed and weaker in immunocompromised mice | The immune status affected the survival of xenogeneic eMSC which leads to differences in the short-term and long-term macrophage responses to implanted meshes |
Ulrich et al. 2014 [78] | Rats/dorsal subcutaneous wound | Human eMSCs | Polyamide/gelatin mesh | Implanted into a subcutaneous pocket; two meshes inserted for each rat | Labeled with DiO | Histological analysis; immunofluorescence; uniaxial tensiometry | MSCs detected on the mesh up to 14Â days; Meshes with MSCs promoted neovascularization and reduced leukocyte infiltration | Seeding with eMSC exerted an anti-inflammatory effect and promoted wound repair, and produced mesh with greater extensibility |
Ding et al. 2018 [49] | Rats/posterior vaginal wall incision | Human UC-MSCs | PP mesh | Implanted into vaginal wall next to the rectovaginal fascia | Marked with GFP or RFP | Macroscopic evaluation; fluorescence microscopy; histological analysis | No difference in fibrotic remodeling and inflammatory cells number; a better vascularization in cell-seeded mesh and a thicker layer covered the cell-seeded scaffold | UC-MSCs with differentiated smooth muscle cells might have a potential role in fascia tissue engineering to repair POP in the future |
Edwards et al. 2015 [85] | Rats/dorsal subcutaneous wound | Human eMSCs | Polyamide/gelatin mesh | Implanted into a subcutaneous pocket and secured to the muscle layer | / | Uniaxial biomechanical analysis; scanning electron microscopy | Cell-seeded scaffolds were significantly less stiff than non-cell-seeded scaffolds; Collagen growth and organization were enhanced in the long-term in cell-seeded scaffolds | Results suggest that neo-tissue formation and remodelling may be enhanced through seeding scaffolds with eMSCs |
Paul et al. 2019 [46] | Rats/abdominal subcutaneous wound | Human eMSCs | 3D printed PCL mesh | Implanted into a subcutaneous pocket with cell side facing abdominal wall | Transduced with a mCherry lentivirus | Scanning electron microscope; Atomic Force Microscopy; Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; histological analysis | eMSC printed on MES constructs promoted tissue integration, eMSC retention and an anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotyp | eMSC bioprinting onto an MES mesh to produce a CAD-specific potentially surgical grade tissue engineered construct for possible urogynecological applications such as POP |