Fig. 5

DOR activation triggered the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway to enhance postischemic autophagy. Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα T172 (a), mTOR S2448 (b), ULK1 S317 (c) and ULK1 S757 (d) in the rat hippocampus on day 3 after ischemia (N = 3 per group). The values are shown as the mean ± SEM. Significant differences: the I/R group vs. the DADLE group (***p < 0.001) and the DADLE group vs. the DADLE + naltrindole group (***p < 0.001) in a; the sham group vs. the I/R group (p > 0.05, ns), the I/R group vs. the DADLE group (***p < 0.001), and the DADLE group vs. the DADLE + naltrindole group (***p < 0.001) in b; the I/R group vs. the DADLE group (***p < 0.001) and the DADLE group vs. the DADLE + naltrindole group (*p < 0.05) in c; the I/R group vs. the DADLE group (**p < 0.01) and the DADLE group vs. the DADLE + naltrindole group (***p < 0.001) in d. DAD DADLE, Nal naltrindole