Fig. 2

GT enhances apoptosis and reduces the proportion of SAL-induced cellular senescent PCa LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells were first treated for 72 h with 1 nM R1881, 10 μM ENZ, or 0.1% DMSO as solvent control. Thereafter, AR ligands were removed. Fresh medium with 0.1% DMSO or 25 nM GT was added and further incubated for the next 96 h. a Growth of LNCaP cells was analysed by crystal violet staining and OD 590 nm measurement. Values obtained from day 0 were set arbitrarily as 1. Line graphs are shown as mean ± standard deviation (n = 2). Red circles indicate the time point of protein extractions. b Protein extraction was performed after 48 h treatment with GT. Detection of full-length PARP (PARP FL), cleaved PARP (c-PARP), RIP3, and phosphorylated RIP3 (p-RIP3) was performed by Western blotting and normalized to β-Actin levels. Upper and middle numbers indicate normalized p-RIP3 and RIP3 band intensities relative to DMSO control. Lower numbers indicate the ratios of p-RIP3 versus RIP3 levels. c Quantification of fold c-PARP levels normalized to β-Actin from Western blotting data. Values obtained from DMSO + GT were set arbitrarily as 1. Bar graphs are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3). d Percentage of SA-β-Gal positive stained cells after 48 h treatment with GT. Bar graphs are shown as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3)