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Table 1 Histone chaperones in breast cancer metastasis

From: A three layered histone epigenetics in breast cancer metastasis

S. no

Histone chaperone

Role in breast cancer metastasis

References

1.

APLF

APLF over-expression is associated with breast cancer metastasis

Regulate MacroH2A.1 recruitment in EMT specific promoter, EZH2/H3K27me3 level at FOXA1 promoter and recruitment of FOXA1 at CDH1 promoter

[40]

2.

HJURP

Higher expression in breast cancer metastasis condition

Target of ATM signaling pathway, where it interacts with hMSH5 and NBS1

[43, 44, 46, 47]

3.

DAXX

Down-regulated in breast cancer metastasis

Forms complex with ATRX in order to maintain H3K9me3 methylation

Negative regulator of c-met

DAXX knockout cells have lower H4 acetylation and higher HDAC2 activity

Binds at the promoter region of RAD51

[50, 52, 53]

4.

DEK

Act as proto-oncogene

Higher expression in breast cancer metastasis condition

DEK knock down cells has lesser H3K9me3 mark, lower CDH1 expression. Induces metastasis via β-Catenin pathway

Downstream target of RON

Also found to mediate EMT via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

Causes angiogenesis via VEGF pathway

[55, 58, 60, 61, 63]

5.

ANP32E

Positive correlation with breast cancer metastasis

Helps in the removal of H2AZ variants so that FACT can deposit ɣH2AX in response to DDR

Influences E2F1 transcription factor

Regulation by mi-RNA-141

Part of “Landmaine’s six gene signature” for predicting lung metastasis of breast cancer

[69, 71, 73]

6.

ASF1

ASF1B over-expressed in breast cancer metastasis

[75]

7.

FACT

Upregulated in breast cancer metastasis patient samples

[79]

8.

NPM1

Higher NPM1 expression among TNBC patients

NPM1 expression more in basal breast cancer than luminal breast cancer samples

NPM-1 regulates YY1 expression which causes suppression of c-FOS expression, hence promoting cell growth

[80, 82,83,84, 86]