Dose-dependent roles of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in abnormal bone remodeling and skeletal regeneration

Table 2 Clinical effects of aspirin and NSAIDs on BMD and skeletal regeneration

Category	NSAIDs	Usage and dosage	Function (longest time point, month)	Refs.
NSAIDs	NSAIDs	Daily use	No effect on bone resorption	[23]
		Regular and incidental use	No effect on bone remodeling	[88]
		5–7 times/week	Modest beneficial effect on BMD, no protective effect on subsequent risk of fractures	[87]
COX-2 inhibitor	Celecoxib	200–400 mg/day	Reduces radiographic progression of structural damage of ankylosing spondylitis (24 m)	[109]
		200 mg/day	No effect on osteointegration of cementless total hip stems	[110]
		2 or 4 mg/kg/day	Impairs fracture healing	[89]
Acetic acid	Diclofenac	150 mg/day	Inhibits bone resorption	[111]
	Indomethacin	75 mg/day	No difference in fracture healing grade distribution	[112]
	Indomethacin	100 mg/day	Impairs fracture healing grade	[101]
Propionic acid	Flurbiprofen	200 mg/day	Decreases excellent functional result	[113]
		2400 mg/day	Bone loss around implants (6 m)	[91, 92]
		1200 mg/day	Increases bone resorption	[90]
	Naproxen	1000 mg/day	Bone defect fill and resorption (9 m)	[114]
	Flurbiprofen	100 mg/day	Inhibits periosteal bone formation Inhibits bone resorption	[115]
Enolic acid	Piroxicam	20 mg/day	No effect on BMD and fracture healing	[116]

ISSN: 2045-3701