Fig. 4
From: TGF-β in fibrosis by acting as a conductor for contractile properties of myofibroblasts
Interactions of TGF-β pathways, WNT, Smad and the Hippo pathway in fibrosis. TGF-β and WNT induce myofibroblast differentiation by activating Smad, FAK and then the PI3K/AKT pathway. TGF-beta stimulates F-actin polymerization, which inhibits the signaling MST1/2, MOB, SAV, and LATS1/2 leading to YAP/TAZ complex with Smad pathway to translate to the nucleus. PPARγ ligands inhibit the TGF-β-induced PI3K/AKT, beta-catenin accumulation and, in part through the targeting of FAK, the activation of AKT. YAP/TAZ yes-associated protein 1/transcription coactivator and PDZ-binding motif, MST1/2 serine/threonine protein kinases, MOB1 MOB kinase activator 1, SAV Salvador, LATS1/2 serine/threonine protein kinase