Table 1 Components of the signaling pathway involved in CRC and their abnormalities
From: Signaling pathways involved in colorectal cancer progression
(Gene/Protein) | Observed abnormalities in CRC | Frequency in CRC | References |
|---|---|---|---|
EGFR/EGFR | Protein expression Mutation Increased copy number Increased expression | 25–90% Rare 0–50% 30–90% | [9] [14] [5] |
K-ras/K-Ras | Activating mutation | 30–40% | [40] |
N-ras/N-Ras | Activating mutation | 2.5–4.5% | [41] |
B-Raf/BRAF | Activating mutation (V600E) | 8% | [42] |
PIK3CA/PI3KCA | Activating mutation (exons 9 and 20) | 10–20% | [46] |
PTEN/PTEN | Loss of protein expression Mutation Loss of heterozygosity | 20–40% | [69] |
Components of NOTCH | Increased expression | – | [21] |
TGFBR2/TGFBR2 | Mutation | 20–30% | [48] |
TGFBR1/TGFBR1 | TGFBR1*6A | 24% | [27] |
SMAD2/SMAD2 | Mutation | 3–6% | [68] |
SMAD4/SMAD4 | Mutation | 20–30% | [27] |
SMAD3/SMAD3 | Mutation | Infrequent | [49] |
APC/APC | Mutation | 80% | [40] |
CTNNB1/CTNNB1 | Mutation | 5–10% | [40] |
AXIN/AXIN | Mutation | 6% | [55] |