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Fig. 1 | Cell & Bioscience

Fig. 1

From: Function and dysfunction of plasma cells in intestine

Fig. 1

Survival mechanism of LLPCs in bone marrow. IL-6 and VEGF from MSC secretion mediate the survival mechanisms of the PCs in BM. Beyond that, some of the LLPC survival effects in BM can occur via MSC-derived EVs, such as exosomes and MVs. Basophils can positively affect PC Ig secretion by secreting IL-6 and IL-4. Activated eosinophils secrete some cytokines, including APRIL, IL-6 and IL-10. Megakaryocytes support PC growth and survival by producing large amounts of IL-6. Communication between CD28 and its ligands CD86 and CD80 can sustain the survival of LLPCs [93]. When the number of PCs is reduced, the extracellular portion of CD44, a transmembrane glycoprotein, binds to the HA of the ECM, while the intracellular portion of CD44 binds to actin through the phosphorylation of merlin to form a growth-promoting transfer complex. MSC mesenchymal stem cells, HA hyaluronic acid, ECM extracellular matrix, merlin ERM family member [196]

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