Fig. 8

Osteogenic differentiation of the MSCs from the amniotic membrane (AM), umbilical cord (UC), chorionic membrane (CM), and decidua (DC). The MSCs cellular proliferation actives decreased significantly during differentiation into the early phase of the osteoblasts. The osteoprogenitor was derived from AM-MSCs, UC-MSCs, CM-MSCs, and DC-MSCs. These osteoprogenitor cells began to produce BMP-6 and Runx2. After that osteoprogenitor cells partially differentiated to osteoblasts, which are characterized by their markers COL1A1 and osteocalcin. At the end of the Osteogenic differentiation stage, osteoblast fully differentiated into osteocyte enhanced expressions of FGF23 and sclerostin