Table 2 Malignant transformation and tumorigenesis during immortalization of primary cells

Oncoprotein(s)

Human

Biliary epithelial cells, fetal keratinocytes, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, mesothelial cells

[190, 346,347,348,349]

Animal

Chinese hamster embryo fibroblasts, rabbit chondrocytes

[191, 350]

Oncoprotein(s) and oncogene(s)

Human

Colon smooth muscle cells, embryonic esophageal epithelial cell, epidermal keratinocytes, hepatocytes, primary fibroblasts, prostatic epithelial cells, mammary epithelial cells

[351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358]

TERT

Human

Astrocytes

[359]

TERT and viral oncoprotein(s)

Human

Airway (bronchial) epithelial cells, endothelial cells, esophageal epithelial cells, fibroblasts, hematopoietic progenitor cells, mammary epithelial cells, MSCs, ovarian surface epithelial cells

[202, 240, 360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368]

Animal

Bovine adrenocortical cells

[369]

TERT and oncogenes

Human

Mammary epithelial cells, MSCs

[370, 371]

Oncoprotein(s), oncogene(s) and growth factors

Human

Oral keratinocytes

[372]

Oncoprotein(s) and chemical carcinogens

Human

Ectocervical and endocervical cells, oral keratinocytes

[373,374,375,376,377]

TERT, oncoprotein and alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2

Human

Kidney cells

[378]