Table 1 Immortalization of primary cells for therapeutics and research

Oncoprotein(s)

Human

Articular chondrocytes, bone marrow endothelial cells, cranial suture progenitors, foreskin keratinocytes, hepatocyte, keratinocytes, liver renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, mammary epithelial cells, marrow stromal cells, nucleus pulposus cells, podocyte cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, umbilical cord blood endothelial progenitor cells, umbilical vein endothelial cells, uterine cervix epithelial cells

[154, 233, 238, 287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303]

Animal

Mouse articular chondrocytes, rat renal proximal tubular epithelial cells

[304]

Oncogene(s)

Human

Prostate epithelial cells, neural precursors, embryonic stem cell-derived MSCs

[160, 161, 305]

Oncoprotein(s) and oncogene(s)

Human

Embryonic fibroblasts, keratinocytes

[162, 306]

TERT

Human

Adipose-derived stromal cells, amnion-derived stem cells, bone marrow-derived MSCs, cementum-lining cells, cord blood MSCs, dermal microvascular endothelial cells, embryonic stem cells, fetal hepatocytes, hepatic stellate scavenger cells, neural progenitor cells, osteoblasts, periodontal ligament progenitor cells, renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, vocal fold fibroblasts

[178, 215, 307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318]

Animal

Mouse temporomandibular joint disc cells

[319]

TERT and oncoprotein(s)

Human

Adipose-derived stromal cells, amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow-derived MSCs, ovarian surface epithelial cells, pancreatic β cells, pancreatic islet cells, periodontal ligament fibroblasts, pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, renal proximal tubule epithelial cells

[244, 247, 320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328]

Animal

Rat ventricular cardiomyocytes

[329]

TERT and oncogene(s)

Human

Fetal pancreatic epithelial cells, placenta-derived MSCs, adipose-derived stromal cells

[246, 330,331,332]

Animal

Bovine germ line stem cells

[163]

TERT, oncoprotein(s) and oncogene(s)

Human

Bone marrow-derived MSCs

[333]

TERT and suppression of p53 or Rb pathway

Human

Mammary epithelial cells, ovarian surface epithelial cells

[176, 334, 335]

TERT and cyclin-dependent kinase 4

Human

Bronchial epithelial cells

[336]

Mutant p53

Human

Mammary epithelial cells

[337, 338]

Irradiation and oxidative stress

Human

Mammary epithelial cells

[339, 340]

Chemical carcinogens

Human

Mammary epithelial cells

[341]

Animal

Syrian hamster dermal fibroblasts and embryo cells, rat hepatocytes

[342,343,344]

TERT and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-Ig

Human

Bone marrow-derived MSCs

[345]