Fig. 3

Overview of PML cellular and physiological functions. PML has the ability to form PML NB and interact with more than 170 proteins. Through these interactions, PML has been reported to control various outcomes from gene expression, mRNA translation to protein-level regulation. In a recent study, PML’s enzymatic activity as an E3 sumoylation ligase was validated. Additionally, cytoplasmic PML can regulate calcium transfer, signal transduction and autophagy. All of PML’s known molecular functions are summarized in the green circle. In physiology and pathology, PML was originally found as a tumor suppressor by controlling cell death, cell cycle, angiogenesis and cell migration. In recent studies, PML was also reported as a key player contributing to cancer therapy resistance. Other PML physiological functions in development, immunity and metabolism are also summarized in the grey circle. ALT alternative lengthening of telomeres