Fig. 5

Comparative analysis of EV miRNA expression differences among ADC, SQCC, and CTRL groups. a Cumulative frequency distribution of the mean relative abundance of plasma EV miRNAs in ADC, SQCC, and CTRL groups. The mean relative abundance is shown as a Log2 scale (Log₂ RPM), and the relative frequency is shown as a fraction. b Scatter plots showing the correlation between the expression of plasma EV miRNAs in the three groups (p P-value, r Pearson correlation coefficient). c Heatmap showing clustering and relative abundance of 105 miRNAs with significantly different expression (FDR < 0.05, P < 0.05, |log₂FC| ≥ 1) between NSCLC plasma EVs and the control. The arrows show the miRNAs selected for qRT-PCR validation in cell lines