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Table 1 Detection of cfDNA and its alterations in HCC patients

From: Circulating tumor DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma: trends and challenges

Forms

Gene

Tumor

cfDNA

Diagnostic/prognostic

Notes

Methylation

RASSF1A [17] (combined AFP)

59/63 (93 %)

12/22 (60 %)

√

√

Associated with HCC

GSTP1 [15]

23/26 (88.5 %)

14/23 (61 %)

√

√

Associated with HCC

p15 promoter [13]

16/25 (64 %)

4/16 (25 %)

√

√

p15/p16 methylation in the plasma/serum was highly associated with HCC

p16 [16]

16/22 (73 %)

13/16 (81 %)

√

√

Microsatellite alterations

D8S258 and D8S264 [25]

Sensitivity (51.9 %)

Specificity (77.5 %)

NA

√

Associated with HCC metastasis

Mutation

Ser-249 p53 [34]

NA

74/186 (39.8 %)

√

√

Aflatoxin-associated mutation and chronic infection with HBV, multiplicative associated with HCC

DNA integrity

LINE-1 hypomethylation [19]

NA

NA

√

√

Associated with HCC

Viral DNA

HBV DNA [39]

NA

NA

√

NA

Associated with TAE and lipiodol retention

/

Inflammatory cytokine genes [9]

NA

NA

NA

√

Amount higher in HCV-related HCCs than in HCV carriers

  1. * Includes all articles published to date that assess cfDNA detection and alterations of cfDNA in HCC patients, which were summarized and clarified the significance