From: Circulating tumor DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma: trends and challenges
Forms | Gene | Tumor | cfDNA | Diagnostic/prognostic | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Methylation | RASSF1A [17] (combined AFP) | 59/63 (93 %) | 12/22 (60 %) | √ | √ | Associated with HCC |
GSTP1 [15] | 23/26 (88.5 %) | 14/23 (61 %) | √ | √ | Associated with HCC | |
p15 promoter [13] | 16/25 (64 %) | 4/16 (25 %) | √ | √ | p15/p16 methylation in the plasma/serum was highly associated with HCC | |
p16 [16] | 16/22 (73 %) | 13/16 (81 %) | √ | √ | ||
Microsatellite alterations | D8S258 and D8S264 [25] | Sensitivity (51.9 %) Specificity (77.5 %) | NA | √ | Associated with HCC metastasis | |
Mutation | Ser-249 p53 [34] | NA | 74/186 (39.8 %) | √ | √ | Aflatoxin-associated mutation and chronic infection with HBV, multiplicative associated with HCC |
DNA integrity | LINE-1 hypomethylation [19] | NA | NA | √ | √ | Associated with HCC |
Viral DNA | HBV DNA [39] | NA | NA | √ | NA | Associated with TAE and lipiodol retention |
/ | Inflammatory cytokine genes [9] | NA | NA | NA | √ | Amount higher in HCV-related HCCs than in HCV carriers |