Table 1 Morphological changes of small intestines and biochemical changes of plasma parameters in fed, fasted and refed Xenopus laevis

Sample number of group (n)

8

8

6

8

Body weight (g)

 Start of experiment

51.10 ± 2.74

51.39 ± 1.32

53.75 ± 3.01

52.69 ± 1.33

 End of experiment

55.03 ± 3.05

48.30 ± 1.13

45.75 ± 3.10

49.65 ± 1.94

Intestine

 Wet weight (g)

0.54 ± 0.06^a

0.28 ± 0.01^b

0.22 ± 0.01

0.41 ± 0.03^c

 Length (cm)

5.50 ± 0.34

4.80 ± 0.29

5.05 ± 0.38

5.21 ± 0.32

 Diameter (mm)

2.64 ± 0.27

2.21 ± 0.12

1.87 ± 0.07

2.40 ± 0.14

 Outer diameter of mucosa/submucosa layer (mm)

2.26 ± 0.29

1.76 ± 0.10

1.45 ± 0.08

2.01 ± 0.09

 Circumference of epitherial layer (mm)

35.01 ± 4.26^a

19.83 ± 1.67^b

13.88 ± 2.18

24.52 ± 4.22^{a, b}

 Muscularis externa width (mm)

0.19 ± 0.02

0.22 ± 0.02

0.21 ± 0.01

0.20 ± 0.03

 Number of goblet cells/mm

68.12 ± 4.21

55.06 ± 13.42

48.2 ± 3.95

49.15 ± 9.69

 Protein content (mg/g wet whight)

114.5 ± 7.02

102.8 ± 9.88

Not determined

99.41 ± 8.16

 Number of throughs in a villus-trough unit

4.64 ± 0.88^a

2.77 ± 0.43^a

2.71 ± 0.19

7.97 ± 1.43^b

 Total troughs/section

62.25 ± 6.23^a

30.42 ± 5.55^b

26.11 ± 2.68

80.96 ± 7.45^a

Blood

 Glucose (mg/dL)

44.55 ± 4.08^a

28.38 ± 5.35^b

41.52 ± 3.71

31.02 ± 3.25^b

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

242.19 ± 51.82^a

107.45 ± 14.30^b

65.33 ± 16.15

141.00 ± 18.89^{a, b}

 Cholesterol (mg/dL)

173.97 ± 27.99

120.57 ± 16.44

141.00 ± 26.91

122.00 ± 13.80

 Free fatty acid (mEq/L)

0.93 ± 0.08^a

0.49 ± 0.05^b

0.35 ± 0.06

0.62 ± 0.12^b