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Table 1 Representative reports describing the importance of actinin-4 in malignant tumors

From: The biological role of actinin-4 (ACTN4) in malignant phenotypes of cancer

Type of malignant tumor

Observations

Brain tumors

1. Correlation between histological grade and protein expression of actinin-4 in gliomas [81]

2. Association of actinin-4 with cell migration in gliomas [82]

3. Overexpression of actinin-4 in high-grade astrocytomas [83]

Head and neck cancer

4. Positive correlation between ACTN4 amplification and the histological grade of salivary gland carcinomas. The importance of ACTN4 amplification as a prognostic biomarker in salivary gland carcinomas [35]

5. Positive correlation between invasive classification of oral squamous cell carcinoma and protein expression of actinin-4 [34]

6. Correlation between histological grade and protein expression in thyroid cancer [84]

Lung cancer

7. Utility of ACTN4 amplification as a prognostic biomarker for stage I adenocarcinoma of the lung [50]

8. Overexpression of actinin-4 mRNA in NSCLC [31]

9. Identification of a splice variant of actinin-4 in SCLC as a cancer testis antigen [30]. Utility of a splice variant of actinin-4 in the lung as a prognostic biomarker for high-grade malignant neuroendocrine tumors [33]

10. Expression of actinin-4 in blood samples of patients with NSCLC and utility as a diagnostic biomarker for NSCLC [85]

Breast cancer

11. Identification of actinin-4 as a novel actin-bundling protein, and utility of actinin-4 as a prognostic biomarker for invasive ductal breast cancer [13]

12. Summary of actinin-4 as a translational coactivator in breast cancer [15, 65]

13. Identification of protein–protein interactions between estrogen receptors and actinin-4 [70]

Esophageal cancer

14. Overexpression of actinin-4 according to clinical stage in esophageal cancer [74]

Pancreatic cancer

15. First evidence of ACTN4 amplification in cancer. Identification of actinin-4 overexpression in patients with invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with poor prognosis [24]

16. Clinical utility of ACTN4 amplification as a predictive biomarker for chemoradiotherapy in LAPC [57]

17. Association of actinin-4 with invadopodia in pancreatic cancer [25]

Colorectal cancer

18. Identification of overexpression of actinin-4 in areas of EMT in colorectal cancer [22]

19. Involvement of actinin-4 in the formation of cellular protrusions that are associated with invasion and migration [23]

Ovarian cancer

20. Identification of actinin-4 overexpression in ovarian cancer, and correlation between actinin-4 overexpression and overall survival in patients with ovarian cancer [26]

21. Utility of ACTN4 amplification as a prognostic biomarker in ovarian cancer [48]

22. Accumulation of ACTN4 amplification in high-grade clear cell carcinoma of ovarian cancer [49]

23. Identification of ACTN4 amplification in fallopian tube carcinomas [86]

Bladder cancer

24. Reduced invasive ability with ACTN4 siRNA in bladder cancer cell lines [36]

25. Correlation between histological grade in bladder cancer and actinin-4 protein expression [37]

Prostate cancer

26. Protein complex that includes actinin-4 and androgen receptor in the nucleus. Actinin-4 protein expression is reduced in the nucleus of high-grade prostate cancer [80]

Melanoma

27. Association of actinin-4 with amoeboid-type invasiveness of melanoma cells [87]

Leukemia

28. Identification of the fusion gene MLL-ACTN4 in adult CD10-negative B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia [88, 89]

Osteosarcoma

29. Protein–protein interactions between MTBP and actinin-4 in osteosarcoma [27, 28]