One cell, multiple roles: contribution of mesenchymal stem cells to tumor development in tumor microenvironment

Cell & Bioscience

Table 1 Cytokines in tumor microenvironment and effects on tumor progression

Cytokines	Cellular sources	Tumor growth	Metastasis	Immune response	References
IL-1	macrophages, DCs, B cells, NK cells, keratinocytes, tumor cells	+	+		[25, 26]
IL-2	Th1 lymphocytes	-		+	[26, 27]
IL-4	Th2 lymphocytes	-		+	[28]
IL-6	T (mainly Th2) and B cells, keratinocytes and macrophages. tumor cell, fibroblast, endothelial cells	+(low concentration)		+	[25, 26, 29–31]
IL-6		-(high concentration)		+	[25, 26, 29–31]
IL-8	tumor cells	+			[26]
IL-10	Th cells, B cells, activated monocytes, macrophages, thymocytes, keratinocytes, and tumor cells.	+	+	-	[29, 32, 33]
IL-11
IL-12	APC: monocytes, macrophages, and DCs. tumor cells, neutrophils	-	-	+	[26, 34–38]
IL-15	macrophages, DCs	-		+	[39]
IL-18			-		[26]
IFN-α		-		+	[40]
IFN-β		-		+	[40]
IFN-γ	T (mainly Th1)and B cells, NK cells, NKT cells, CTL macrophages, mast cells, DCs	-		+	[25, 26]
TNF-α	activated macrophages, T and B cells, NK cells, tumor cells, neutrophils, fibroblasts, keratinocytes	+(low concentration)			[25, 29]
TNF-α		-(high concentration)			[25, 29]
TGF-β	T and B cells, macrophages, platelets, bone-marrow stroma, tumor cells	-		+	[25, 41]
M-CSF	macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, bone-marrow stroma	+	+		[25]
GM-CSF	respiratory epithelial cells, T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, macrophages, eosinophils, endothelial cells, fibroblasts	-			[25]
MIF	macrophages, T cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, pituitary	+			[25]

ISSN: 2045-3701