Fig. 5

Advantages and potential applications of bacterial origin immunostimulants. Bacterial component or bacterial component-mimicking compounds can be recognized by PRRs and activate both innate and adaptive immune responses. PAMPs-PRRs rapidly mediate innate immune response and determine the type, extent, duration of infection, and the requirement for immediate or future defense. Meanwhile, some PAMPs can activate mucosal immunity, which is significant for pathogen trafficking. Interaction between bacterial component or bacterial component-mimicking compounds and PRRs can promote a more efficient adaptive immune response, including more rapid, magnitude, broadening, and long-time antibody response and IgA secretion. Research and development of appropriate bacterial-origin immunostimulants may be filled the gaps both in vaccine production and cancer therapy. PRR, Pattern recognition receptor; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern