Fig. 4
From: Macrophage heterogeneity and its interactions with stromal cells in tumour microenvironment
TAM–MSC interactions in the tumour microenvironment. a MSCs promote M2 polarization of macrophages via cytokines, including MFG-E8, CXCL12, IL-6, and IL-8. MSC-primed M2 TAMs promote tumour angiogenesis and EMT. b TGF-β1 from TAMs induces MSC differentiation into CAF-like MSCs. TNF-α and IL-10 from TAMs are priming factors of MSCs, which in turn upregulate the expression of PGE2 to regulate the immunomodulatory potential of TAMs