Table 4 A list of commonly used drugs for nephrotoxicity testing

Gentamicin

Aminoglycoside antibiotics

Bacterial infections

Proximal tubular cells

Acute tubular necrosis from direct cytotoxicity

100 mg/kg

[77, 78]

Vancomycin

Glycopeptide antibiotics

Bacterial infections

Proximal tubule cells

Acute tubular necrosis following oxidative stress and (most commonly) and tubular cast formation

200 mg/kg

[79,80,81]

Tenofovir

Antiretroviral drug

HIV/HBV infection

Renal tubule cells and glomerulus

Tubular dysfunction and mitTox

300 mg/kg

[82,83,84]

Amphotericin B

Antifungal medication

Distal tubule and smooth muscle cells

Membrane permeability and vaso-constriction

4 mg/kg

[85, 86]

Cisplatin

Chemotherapy

Various types of cancers

Renal proximal tubule

Inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, dna damage, & mitotox

20 mg/kg

[87, 88]

Methotrexate

Chemotherapy

Various types of cancers, autoimmune diseases

Proximal tubule

Apoptosis

20 mg/kg

[89,90,91]

Cyclosporine

Immunosuppressive drug

Prevent organ transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases

Proximal tubules

Oxidative stress,

Tubular necrosis

25 mg/Kg

[92, 93]

Acetaminophen

Over-the-counter

Pain reliever and fever reducer

Proximal tubule

Acute tubular necrosis

500 mg/kg

[94, 95]

Ibuprofen

Over-the-counter NSAID

Relieve pain and inflammation

Tubular cell epithelial cell

Interstitial nephritis, transitional tubular necrosis

400 mg/kg

[96, 97]

Lithium

Anti-mania

Bipolar disorder

Distal tubule and proximal tubular

ROS formation, Lipid, per-oxidation, and antioxidant

Mechanisms

50 mg/kg

[98, 99]