Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of 3D compared to 2D models for nephrotoxicity testing
From: Precision nephrotoxicity testing using 3D in vitro models
| Â | 2D culture | 3D culture |
|---|---|---|
Advantages | • Cost-effective • High-throughput • Accessibility • Short-term assay (2-week) | • Increased physiological relevance • Better recapitulation of tissue architecture, cell–cell communications • Bridge gaps between in vitro and in vivo •> 4-week assay |
Disadvantages | • Lack of physiological relevance • Limited cell–cell interactions • Altered metabolism • Cell line dependency | • Technical complexity • Cost • Variability • Limited throughput |