Table 2 Effects of thyroid hormone and cold exposures on biochemical and transcriptional changes in the liver of L. catesbeianus tadpoles
Treatment | Possible events | Biochemical and transcriptional changes |
|---|---|---|
T3(+) at 26 °C | ||
(Enhancement) | Tail regression | Tail height↓, body weight (7d)↓, body length (7d)↓, tail length (7d)↓ |
T3-response genes | thrb↑, nfic↑, thibz↑, dio3 (3d)↑, mmp11↑ | |
Remodeling of membrane lipids | Unsaturated ω-3 and ω-6 FAs (3d)↓, UI↓, 20:5n-3 (7d) ↓, elovl3 (3d)↑, elovl5↑ | |
Lipogenesis (FA synthesis) | srebp1 (7d)↑, fas↑ | |
Glycogenolysis? | Plasma glucose (7d)↑ | |
Mitochondrial activity | Mitochondrial protein (7d)↑, cox4 (7d)↑ | |
(Suppression) | Lipolysis (β-oxidation) | ppara (3d)↓, acaa2 (3d)↓ |
Lipogenesis (sterol synthesis) | sc4mol (3d) ↓ | |
T3(−) at 4 °C | ||
(Enhancement) | Remodeling of membrane lipids | Unsaturated ω-6 FAs↓, MUFA/SFA (3d)↑, 20:4n-6 (7d) ↓, ω-3 FAs/ω-6 FAs (7d)↑, scd1 (3d)↑, elovl1 (3d)↑, elovl2 (7d)↑, pcyt1 (3d)↑, pcyt2 (3d)↑, pemt (3d)↑, psd1 (3d)↓, pparg (7d)↑ |
Sterol synthesis | srebp2 (3d)↑, ldlr1 (3d)↑, hmgcr↑, cyp7a1↓, soat1 (7d)↑ | |
Lipolysis (β-oxidation) | ppara (3d)↓, acadl (3d)↑, CTP↑ | |
Gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis/TG/FA cycle | Plasma glucose (3d)↑, TG (3d)↑, TG/Chol↑, FFA (7d)↑, pygl↑, g6pc2↑, pck1 (3d)↑, mdh (3d)↑ | |
Mitochondrial activity | 18:1n-9 in PG↑, mitochondrial protein↑, COX (3d)↑, CPT↑ | |
T3(+) at 4 °C | ||
(Enhancement) | Remodeling of membrane lipids | Unsaturated ω-6 FAs (3d)↓, MUFA/SFA (3d)↑, 18:1n-9 (3d)↑, 20:4n-6 (7d) ↓, ω-3 FAs/ω-6 FAs (7d)↑, scd1↑, elovl1 (3d)↑, elovl2 (7d)↑, pcyt1 (3d)↑, pcyt2 (3d)↑, pemt (3d)↑, psd1 (3d)↓, pparg (7d)↑ |
Sterol and ceramide synthesis | hsd17b12 (3d)↑, cers↑, soat1↑, cyp7a1↓, hmgcr (7d)↑, hsd3b7 (7d)↑, ldlr1 (7d)↑, pparg (7d)↑ | |
Lipolysis (β-oxidation) | ppara (3d)↓, cpt1a (7d)↑, CPT↑ | |
Gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis/TG/FA cycle | TG (3d)↑, TG/Chol↑, pygl↑, g6pc2↑, mdh (3d)↑ | |
Mitochondrial activity | 18:1n-9 in PG↑, mitochondrial protein↑, COX (3d)↑, CPT↑ | |
(Unclear) | FA/TG synthesis | dgat1 (3d)↓, accb (7d)↑ |